Marketing and Management of Target Corporation †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Marketing Management of Target Corporation. Answer: Presentation Target Corporation was built up in 1902. It is a general merchandiser and sells items through stores and advanced channels. The organization has online business at target.com. The organization gives high caliber and on pattern stock at alluring costs (Wilson, 2017). The objective partnership chose to set up its rebate store in Saudi Arabia. The administration of Target Corporation hiredMarketing chief for its activities in Saudi Arabia. Being a trough it is required to establishmarketing office from the investigation of market to figure generally speaking showcasing objectives, targets, strategic, and making arrangements for the whole capacity. Advertising capacity of Target Corporation, Saudi Arabia Vision The vision of the organization is focused on extraordinary worth, network, assorted variety and the earth. It traces what Target Corporation needs to be. It is a drawn out view and spotlights on future. Crucial: It is the crucial the organization to make it most favored goal in all channels. It likewise has faith in conveying remarkable worth and development. It satisfies brand guarantee that is hoping for something else and saving money. Alongside the help to mission they are guided by duties to extraordinary worth, network and condition. Business objective The goal of the organization is to make it beneficial by making it ideal goal shopping goal by passing on extraordinary worth and ceaseless advancement. Item and kind of administrations Target Corporation offers four item classes, family fundamentals, food and pet supplies, attire and extras and hardlines. The family unit fundamental indicates over 20% of deals and incorporates drug store, individual consideration, infant care, excellence and paper items. The food and pet supplies is over 20% of deals and comprises of dairy items, dry staple, refreshments, candy, snacks and solidified food. The clothing and frill produces 20% of deals and incorporates attire for young men, young ladies, people, adornments and shoes. The hardlines are over 15% of deals and offers electronic things, films, books, PC programming and toys. Showcasing plan and SWOT examination Target Corporation has effectively enormous scope tasks and is the biggest markdown store in United States. The headquarter of Target Corporation is in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The organization is thinking to dispatch its store in Saudi Arabia. The earth of Saudi Arabia is good which can make it perhaps the biggest retailer in the nation. It has enormous purchasing control and can authorize low costs (Wagner Eggert, 2016). Proclamation of showcasing objective Target focuses on people groups happiness of looking great and feeling enchanted. It tends to be made conceivable by the cleanliness items and nutritious food alongside social insurance. The organization finds a way to remember its worth and long haul benefits and development of organization. SWOT examination Quality Solid nearness: The organization has effectively solid nearness in different nations which can help organization to set up in Saudi Arabia. Target Corporation additionally has economies of scale which permits tremendous purchasing control and can likewise implement low value system (Schuetz, 2015). Colossal chances: Saudi Arabia has the biggest business. It is relied upon to develop steady in next not many years. Target Corporation has huge chance to set up in Saudi Arabia as it is the ideal area for setting up and developing business. Separation: Target Corporation offers items at reasonable costs and it very well may be the greatest favorable position for the organization in the economy of Saudi Arabia. The organization has contact with different vendors to give separated product at practically identical costs. Shortcoming Reliance of economy on open spending: The economy of Saudi Arabia is subject to the burning through done by open. Additional spending helps in producing more benefits to organization. Past legitimate cases: The past lawful instances of Target Corporation can influence the brand picture. In 2013 likewise organization confronted spillage of classified information including data of clients credit and plastic. Openings Securing of littler retail chains: Saudi Arabia has different little retail chains and Target Corporation can effectively gain these chains. The chains which are now settled think about the flavor of individuals. Along these lines, it is valuable for the organization to obtain little retail chains. Solid nearness on-line advertise: Saudi Arabia has solid nearness on online market thinking about changing conduct of shoppers. The internet business deals in nation are expanding at quick rate. Danger Rising work costs: The work costs in Saudi Arabia have been rising and accordingly compensation have been rising. It influences the productivity of nation by expanding by and large expenses. Expanding rivalry and fluctuating financial situations: Various stores are opening in nation which prompts expanding rivalry in the nation. It builds rivalry as well as changes monetary situations. Contenders The contenders of Target Corporation are: Walmart Macys JCPennys Advertising goals The advertising goals of organization include: The primary goal is to stamp benefit of organization 10% consistently in a legitimized manner by offering an incentive to partners and by keeping up devotion of clients. Increment level of deals by expanding fabricating pace of essential brands. Keep up huge measure of spending plan for notice and advertising. Present versatile items by advancement and putting resources into innovative work. By and large target The general goal of Target Corporation is to develop worldwide level. Anyway the results of the organization enter into neighborhood advertise. The organization plans to accomplish reliability from various market fragments by making accessible creative items. Target showcase fragments The objective market of Target Corporation comprises of youthful, instructed, refined and in vogue individuals additionally who have smart dieting propensities and are worried about natural food things (Kauser, 2014). Promoting blend Item: The organization makes accessible 40% home and clothing things and 20% consumables like food, sound things and excellence things. Cost: The cost of the organization is commonly 1-2% lower than different grocery stores. Before choosing cost of any article systems of contenders are remembered. Spot: The organization chooses place in urban areas or in the shopping centers. Target Corporation is leading its administrations in just about 100 nations and now it is intending to open rebate store in Saudi Arabia. Advancement: The organization burns through 2.3% on promotion and sponsorship. The ad is done through electronic and print media. The organization additionally gives premium offers and deal to draw in significant fragment of clients. Fundamental techniques Market entrance This system of organization runs along its expansion towards north US and Europe by spreading its item go. The item advancement helps in animating the market and in this manner it helps in showcase infiltration. Market Development Target Corporation can broaden its market advancement technique by advancement and innovative work division for the improvement of new items. The organization can concentrate on its extension, obtaining and association. Enhancement methodology The enhancement methodology centers around the North America and the developing economies. The organization is as of now serving in different nations and going to include more nations. Screen and control The observing and control process is brought out by organization through the parity control card strategy which centers around the four discernments: Monetary discernment Client recognition Inner discernment Development and learning standpoint Small scale and Macro condition The small scale condition factors are near the firm. The provider condition: It comprises of different business firms or retailers who give crude material, administration and completed products themselves. The retailers and makers rely upon the various providers. The distributive condition: Target Corporation ensures that the results of organization show up at the last client. The delegates, for example, operators and wholesalers partake in this procedure. The serious condition: Target Corporation ought to know about the expected danger of contenders of comparative items like Walmart. The organization ought to have comprehension of type, size and structure of serious powers. Target Corporation will have more prominent chance to contend successfully in the market of Saudi Arabia (Yue, Rao Ingram, 2013). The full scale condition incorporates the PEST Analysis which is wild factor of the organization. Political elements: Target Corporation has a solid working association with China since larger part of the results of organization originate from China as it were. There is acceptable terms among China and Saudi Arabia as different understandings are now made in the two nations (Ju, Cheng, Hu, Lv Chen, 2015). It can emphatically influence Target Corporation tasks. It is influenced by tax collection, duties and exchange limitations of the nation where it is working (Niblock Malik, 2007). Monetary elements: Saudi Arabia puts forth attempt to draw in remote venture and differentiate its economy. The economy of nation influences Target Corporation, yet the organization can be as yet a significant shopping decision in the market of Saudi Arabia (Alghamedi, 2014). Social components: The manner in which organization treat with representatives, network and purchasers gets support from customers. The site of the organization offers access to the online list. It likewise gives target monetary administrations to the charge cards (Saudi Embassy, 2017). Mechanical components: Target Corporation can converse with clients by utilizing internet based life stages like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram. They have site pages for news and patterns. Target Corporation can grandstand its items by audits and item pictures (Aljarboa, 2016). Foundation, deve

Hardware Clouds--Pros and Cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equipment Clouds- - Pros and Cons - Essay Example Generally, mists just help the product administrations wherein the equipment part is given by the end clients. Notwithstanding, because of expanding multifaceted nature of the innovation just as evolving necessities, it turns out to be all the more expensive and helpful for the organizations to likewise utilize equipment mists. Aside from this, equipment mists can assist associations with saving expenses on foundation advancement, development costs just as vitality investment funds. (Low, Chen, and Wu, 2011) 2. The movability of the equipment mists wherein firms offer equipment cloud servers pressed in compartments and can be stopped even from parking garages recommends that the organizations can exploit the transportability offered by equipment mists. 3. Equipment mists are totally adaptable in nature along these lines associations can really tailor them as indicated by their own necessities. Off-the-rack equipment frequently can't satisfy the specific necessities of the associations be that as it may, because of versatility of the equipment cloud, it offers a suitable choice to access equipment custom fitted precisely as indicated by the prerequisites. In spite of the fact that the above advantages of equipment distributed computing can be sufficiently adequate to permit firms to go for such hierarchical move as far as overseeing data innovation assets in any case, equipment mists may not satisfy all the necessities of the organizations. Equipment mists may not be advantageous under after conditions: 1. One of the key territories where equipment cloud can neglect to give results is the issue of execution. Particularly on the open mists, numerous associations might be having a similar equipment hence the exhibition may back off. Further, even with the committed equipment, additional heap on the equipment can slow the execution of procedures and in this manner result into loss of proficiency. (Sharif, 2010) 2. Single equipment mists work in single point along these lines the disappointment of the equipment can close

The SIPA Advantage COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The SIPA Advantage COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog When you’re looking at schools as an undergraduate, there are books websites, and guidance counselors to help you choose the right “fit” for you. Large or small, urban or rural, there are a bevy of resources to help you navigate what these features will mean in terms of your education and extracurricular activities. As a grad student, you’re left mostly on your own to discern the differences between the most competitive foreign and public policy schools, so I wanted to share five things that I feel make SIPA stand out among its competitors. Location. You already know that SIPA has a close relationship with the United Nations, but that’s just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the resources available to public policy students in New York City.   Hundreds of non-profits, private companies, the New York Stock Exchange and the government of the largest city in the United States are all located here, providing limitless consulting and internship opportunities. In addition, everyone who’s anyone in global politics and commerce travels through New York City, and more likely than not they come to speak at our school.  In any given day we might have Japan’s Minister of Finance, the Executive Director of Habitat for Humanity, and the CEO of Bloomberg in our building. The trouble isn’t finding a lecture that you want to attend, the trouble is fitting them all in! Professors. Due to the school’s prestige and location, we have some of the best Professors in the world. From Nobel Prize winning economist, Joseph Stiglitz to sustainable development expert Jeff Sachs to associate Professors who are leaders in the real world. Last year I look Campaign Management from Jef Pollock, American Association of Political Consultants’ Pollster of the Year and Women and Power from Ernst and Young Executive and Healthcare Business Association’s Woman of the Year, Carolyn Buck-Luce. Whatever your interest, a SIPA education practically guarantees you access to experts in your field. Columbia University. In addition to all that’s available to students at SIPA itself, a SIPA education means you are part of the Columbia University network.  This means an introduction to literally thousands of alumni all over the world. It also means the opportunity to take classes at any of Columbia’s distinguished graduate schools for credit toward your degree. This year I am taking a class on Elections with Political Science PhD students, a class on Election Law at the prestigious Columbia Law School and a class at Columbia School of Journalism with Washington Post reporter Thomas Edsall. My area of public policy is pretty clear but whether you are passionate about education, defense strategy, health care or development opportunities await you all across our university. Size. I have to admit, I was a little nervous about finding my place at one of the biggest public policy schools in the world, but it turned out to be one of the things I like best about SIPA.   I get to study alongside and learn from over 1000 professionals from 52 countries. When a practical or policy question arises and I need an answer; I am almost guaranteed to find an expert among my classmates. When a candidate I was working for had an event with Bill Clinton,   I was able to reach out to one of his interns at the Clinton Global Initiative to find an address to send a thank you note. When my blog went viral in the campaign world, my more technologically inclined classmates helped teach me best practices for social media. SIPA’s size allows us to offer the most classes, clubs, and extracurricular opportunities of any of the top public or foreign policy schools as well as the wealth of information that is the SIPA community itself. Flexibility. Compared to other public policy programs, SIPA’s MPA curriculum is extremely flexible. SIPA students graduate with a solid foundation in economics, statistics, and management practice, but are free to choose the subjects that most interest them within these fields, as well as from one of the country’s largest selections of electives. For students like me who enter SIPA with a very specific interest, for me it was election systems and civic engagement, this means we are always able to take classes in our field. For students who enter with a broader interest, this means they are free to explore no matter where their interests take them. This post was contributed by Nancy Leeds.   Nancy is a Democratic Campaign Operative and blogger  pursuing her MPA in Social Policy and Management at SIPA.

Successful Leadership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1211 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Management Essay Tags: Leadership Essay Success Essay Did you like this example? Name: Bryan Ng (13) Class: 3A2 Date: 26 July 2010 Question: Successful leadership is about winning hearts and minds. Discuss. Warren Bennis, an American scholar widely regarded as a pioneer on the contemporary field of leadership studies, once said that â€Å"Leadership is the wise use of power. Power is the capacity to translate intention into reality and sustain it. † Indeed, leadership comes with power but in order to gain this power, a leader must encompass three main leadership qualities. Besides winning the hearts and mind of the people, a leader must also be able to lead by example and have foresight. Only by mastering the above 3 qualities then can a leader be considered as a successful leader. Do you still think successful leadership is just about winning the hearts and minds of the people? You may ask: why bother to win the hearts and minds of the people? A leader has to be able to win the hearts and minds of the people to gain their support. This is necessary because a leader must have followers, followers who are willing to listen to the leader, followers who believe in the leader. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Successful Leadership" essay for you Create order So how does a leader achieve this? Well, to win their hearts and minds of people, I believe that it all starts with the leader encouraging and motivating the people. By doing so, the people will feel that their leader actually cares for them and that the leader is as though a close friend of theirs, supportive. This will definitely help bridge the gap between the leader and the people, bringing their relationship closer. Through this, the leaders are then able to gain the trust of the people, and when this mutual trust it built, the group can then effectively reach goals as a whole, as one. Of course, the leader must also be meritocratic and fair in order to win the hearts and minds of the people. The core of it all is to make the people happy, make everyone happy. Being biased to a certain group of people may bring them happiness and gain the support of them. However, the rest of them will feel that they are unfairly treated and will definitely rise against this leader. In history, we saw the French Revolution, which was caused by resentment towards royal absolutism, resentment towards noble privileges and dominance, by the peasants. Therefore, if a leader cannot even achieve win the hearts and minds of the people, who will be willing to support him? Who will be willing to choose a person who does not understand them well as their leader? Who will want a leader that is biased towards the rich, leaving a huge gap between the minority of the rich and the majority of the poor? No one will. The second aspect of successful leadership is to lead by example. A leader has to serve as a role model for the people to follow, then will people listen to you. You cannot expect a leader to ask people stop smoking when he himself does not stop, can you? Policies implemented must include the leader himself too. If the leader does not adhere to his own policy, this will be known as what the Chinese call shuo yi tao, zuo yi tao, which means to say one thing and to do another. However, if he leads by example, he will not only serve as a role model but also as an inspiration for the others. People will have the mentality that if he can do it, so can I, therefore, I feel that whether or not a leader leads by example is an important turning point in his leadership career. Leading by example is important but what is the most important thing that the leader has to lead in? The most important thing a leader must lead in is to be morally upright and work for the group interest rather than personal interests. As a group, a leader not only has to look after his own interests but also the interests of his fellowmen. One, who gives up his group interests for their own, is not only a bad leader but also a traitor, and if he is caught, they will be severely dealt with under the hands of the law. A clear example is former president Chen Shui-bian, who was charged with embezzling $3. 15 million during his presidency, receiving bribes worth at least $9 million, the laundering of some of the money through Swiss bank accounts, and the forging documents. He had sacrificed the interests of the public for his own and even tried to deny the public of the truth. Such leaders are definitely not role models but rather serve as examples for people to not follow. The final and most important factor of successful leadership is to have foresight and understand the team well. A leader has to be able to set long-term achievable goals for the team, steering the team towards success. This ability to foresee the road ahead for the team and prepare the team according to the conditions is just like the telescope of submarine. A leader must also have the foresight in understanding whether if the measures taken are in the best interest or beneficial to the group. Although measures taken may not be necessarily popular, it will be necessary as long as it is for the long-term benefit of the group. In Singapore, we have the Electronic Road Pricing. This system may not be popular with commuters, with many locals criticizing the system. However, it is effective in preventing heavy congestions. If Singapore did not have such a system coupled with the large population of cars in Singapore, Singaporeans may be facing heavy congestions during rush-hour periods. So, a leader must persevere and push forward what he thinks is the best for the people despite severe criticisms. A last point that a leader needs to recognize is the importance of coordination and cooperation within the team. Coordination is required for the effective reach of goals whereas cooperation is needed so that both the leader and people can help each other, point out each of their weaknesses, allowing the change for the better. This change will bring the entire group to greater heights. To sum up, a leader with vision encompasses the ability to understand what is beneficial and set achievable goals for the team. At the same time, he is also willing to listen to his people and learn about his weaknesses. Only by recognizing his mistakes then can he work on them. In my opinion, this is the best and the core of successful leadership. Successful leadership is not only about winning the hearts and minds of the people but includes a concoction of leading by example and having the foresight to plan ahead. By encompassing all these qualities, then will the people be happy, then will the people respect the leader and then will the team succeed. So here’s my say: one may be able to gain leadership but what defines successful leadership is not just achieving success but also making sure your fellow men are happy and sustaining this balance. Without the latter two, the leader is an authoritarian one. Do you have what it takes to be a successful leader?

The Body Theory - 1247 Words

The personal identity problem is a philosophical conundrum that asks the question, what makes someone the same over time, or what characterizes the preservation of one’s identity? The term identity does not refer to the type of sameness identical twins have, or quantitative identity, but rather refers to numerical identity, that is for X and Y to be identical, everything possessed by X must also be possessed by Y (Leibniz’s Law). With this in mind, one might say they have the same body as they did a year ago so they must be the same person now as they were then. This answer is called the Body Theory, for obvious reasons. It states that personal identity is preserved through the preservation of one’s body. Although this may seem like a good answer on the surface, there are many flaws to the Body Theory. Let’s look at the case of a mad scientist named Dr. Jeckyll, who creates and drinks a mysterious concoction which knocks him out. Upon awaking, Jeckyll has aquired a new set of less than savory mannerisms and habits in replacement of his old ones and knows nothing of Dr. Jeckyll nor has any memories from Jeckyll’s life. After a night of wreaking havoc, this new personality, let’s call him Mr. Hyde, goes to sleep and wakes up the next morning as Jeckyll once again. Jeckyll’s last memory is drinking his concoction before he was knocked out and he knows nothing of Hyde nor his misdeeds. Jeckyll goes about his day and goes to bed but when he wakes up he is no longer Jeckyll, butShow MoreRelatedThe Mind And Body : Theories1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe mind and body are two abstract concepts however; they both can be deduced to a simple principle of materialism. Rene Descartes posed a claim that, the mind and body are not related and concludes that a brain is m ade of matter while a mind is made of â€Å"mental processes, thought and consciousness† (simply psychology). However, Thomas Hobbes argued that â€Å"everything in the world, including our thoughts and mind, can be explained in terms of one thing: matter in motion (many world of logic). ThroughoutRead MoreThe Theory Of Consciousness And The Body1847 Words   |  8 Pagesthe word consciousness is used regarding human beings, the word itself usually implies that those individuals are conscious of being conscious. Many individuals assume that the mind, the brain, and the body react as one. But the idea of the mind is not related to the concept of the brain or the body. These differences allow philosophers to determine a people’s consciousness in the world around them. Individuals derive the concept of consciousness from their experience because consciousness itselfRead MoreThe Theory Of The Soul And Body944 Words   |  4 PagesTo Socrates, â€Å"the one aim of tho se who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death† (Phaedo, 64a). One’s soul is the key to knowledge, but the body tends to bring the soul down. In order to strive for that knowledge, the body must be separated from the soul. Socrates believed that part of accomplishing this, one must concentrate on the well-being of their soul and work on being self-aware. To him, most people didn’t have this ability, hence the reason why he said â€Å"thoseRead MoreThe Body Theory And Its Strength And Weaknesses991 Words   |  4 Pagesfew theories that can help with figuring out what makes me, me. There is the soul theory, the body theory, and the personality theory. The body theory consists of the brain and body theory and the torso and body theory. After looking into each theory carefully through Kagan’s lectures, I found that there were flaws in all three theories. The theory that I favor, however, is the body theory and more specif ically the brain aspect of that theory. In my essay I will discuss why I favor the body theoryRead MoreThe Mind Body Identity Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagesout the nature of a human person; this has lead to various theories and speculation about the nature of the human mind and body. The question they are tying to answer is whether a human being is made of only the physical, body and brain, or both the physical or the mental, mind. In this paper I will focus on the mind-body Identity Theory to illustrate that it provides a suitable explanation for the mind and body interaction. Identity Theory Identity theorists hold the view that the mental eventsRead Moresoul and body theories Essay774 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Name Course Lecturer Date of submission Soul and Body Theory Many of the ancient theories composed by early Greek philosophers were based on rationalism and empiricism. Empiricism refers to acquiring knowledge through experimental insight while on the other hand rationalism is acquiring of knowledge through ones practical understanding. Socrates work is studied in depths up to date, example being â€Å"Republic of Plato† whose author was Plato. SocratesRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 Pagesscholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship between the mind and body. He created the early version to further explain the interaction of the mind and body, to create a firm foundation that can be explained through science andRead MoreThe Leading Body For Attribution Theory1502 Words   |  7 Pages the leading body for attribution theory and Harold Kelley (1972) and Bernard Weiner (1986), who along with many other psychologists have since attempted to further explain why and how we make attributions. Research to support and contradict their findings will also be covered throughout the text. The term attribution refers to how we as human beings attach meaning to our own, and other people s behaviour. It has been suggested by Fiske and Taylor (1991) that the attribution theory explains waysRead MoreThe Theory Of Body Types, And The Y Chromosome Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pagesto Sociology March 26, 2016 Deviance Many different theories exist regarding deviance. Biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives have applied their different thought processes to produce many theories. Some of these ideas have been discredited, however some remain significant today. Sociological theories differ from biological and psychological theories by looking at external factors rather than internal ones. Biological theories on deviance are the result of looking for answers thatRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Problem2474 Words   |  10 PagesSonya Cronkrite PHI 344 June 21, 2016 The Mind- Body Problem The mind-body problem is the dilemma of explaining how mental states, events, and processes are related to physical states, events, and processes, given that the human body is a physical thing and the mind is not physical. How does the mind associate with the body if they are not considered the same entities? In this essay I will attempt to persuade you that the mind and the body operate together, one having an effect on the other

Value Chain Analysis Free Essays

value chain analysis Inbound Logistics Operations Marketing Service Outbound Logistics SAP , VCM SAP , CRM – DMS Strategic Alliances Transporters, Convoy Drivers Association Dealer Network, Marketing Research Firms, Vehicle Financing Regional Warehouses, Dealer Workshops, Distributors, TASS 9 Value Chain Analysis: Tata Motors Inbound Logistics Long term contract with service provider’s – transporters and agents Personnel at regional offices for over seeing the smooth transit of goods Transparency and monitoring through deployment of IT – all transactions through SAP DTL supplies for critical high value items. Efficient storage facilities – easy storage and retrieval Operations Capital Equipment Manufacturing division – tooling development capabilities of global standard. Apprentice Trainee Course – ensuring stable source of skilled manpower. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kaizen TPM team – continuous drive to improve efficiencies. Automated manufacturing processes. Distributed manufacturing – Assembly units at South Africa, Thailand, Bangladesh, Brazil etc Maintenance – technical competence Capacity Utilization – Mercedes Benz cars make use of Tata Motors paint shop facilities. Outbound Logistics Stockyards, all across the country Long term contracts with transporters – higher volume of business to transporters ensures competitive price. Regional Sales Office and Vehicle Dispatch Section linked through SAP. Efficient security system for prevention of any kind of pilferage Marketing and Sales Structured approach to understanding the requirements of individual customers – QFD’s conducted at regular intervals. Clear identification of product requirements, leading to development of innovative products – Tata 207 DI, Tata Ace Pan India presence and global footprint. Independent teams for addressing the requirements of institutional customers – Defense, State Transport Units Helping to augment the scarce resources – Fiat selling vehicles through Tata dealerships, in return Tata has access to Fiat’s technology and unutilized capacity. Quick assessment of the changing market dynamics and consumer preferences – Tata 407 LCV Large network of dealers – use of technology : DMS. Service Easy availability of spare parts Efficient collection of data from field and communication to the respective plants Pan India presence, as well as global presence. Large network of workshops – Dealer workshops and TASS Training facilities – for dealer end and TASS personnel Procurement E procurement initiative Global Sourcing Team – China, a key destination for sourcing essential items like tires, power steering units etc. , Steel procured from Belarus Long term relationships with a stable and loyal pool of suppliers Technology driven procurement – SAP and VCM Strategic subsidiaries JV’s – TACO group of companies, Tata Cummins Centralized Strategic Sourcing for key components – FIP’s, Steel etc Group resources – Tata Steel and Tata International Localized supplier base at mfg. locations – low inventory levels How to cite Value Chain Analysis, Essay examples

The Sword in the Stone Essay Example For Students

The Sword in the Stone Essay At the end of The Sword in the Stone, it is true that Kay does receive the rough end of the deal because he, being the son of a noble and a knight, and the Wart, comparatively nothing but a squire to Kay became the King of England when Kay thought himself more qualified and better for the postition. However, throughout the Boys childhood, Kay maintained the dominant position in their relationship. I think that it is only fair that in the end, justice is served and theWart gets to rule over Kay. When the boys were young, Kay maintained a dominant position over the Wart, constantly reminding and humiliating him by saying that he was not a proper son and Kay seemed to regard this as making him inferior in some way. Because Kay constantly reminded the Wart that he was not a proper son and said that he was inferior, upsetting the Wart, he learned to simply give in to Kay and always let him get his own way. After this constant torment and opportunities only available to Kay, I think that it is only deserving that, in the end, the Wart becomes more powerful and important than Kay, Sir Ector and the other people who had always ruled him.I think that the Wart was a better person to Kay and although he may not have been superior to Kay, he certainly had a better personality and was kinder than Kay. We will write a custom essay on The Sword in the Stone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With Merlyns education, the Wart learned not only how to lead well, but also to be a better person, and Merlyn taught him much about how to treat other people with respect and to relate better with them. When the Wart meets Robin Wood and Maid Marion, he learns through Marion that women are no different to men and should be treated equally. He is also taught the pointlessness of violence when he requests a joust between Sir Grummore and King Pellinore. Before the joust, Wart thinks that it is noble and brave to fight, but after seeing the Grummore-Pellinore joust, he thinks differently about it. He sees that there is nothing noble or brave about fighting to the death with a friend or fellow knight.Although Kay did get the rough end of the deal in the end, I think that he deserved it, after all the things he did to the Wart during their childhood. He held the dominant position for half of the boys lives, and now the Wart holds the same position (in their relationship) for the later parts of their lives.

Electrostatic loudspeakers essays

Electrostatic loudspeakers essays The field theory applies in many principles of technology. From communications and transportation and all the way to entertainment. Today, entertainment is a big part of our lives. It includes roller-coasters, satellites, TVs, sound and much more. Sound, or more specifically speakers, have started from the plain wooden boxes, and have traveled a long way to reach today's technology. Today, speakers are built much stronger, with better designs, and higher capability. As the technology continues to emerge into entertainment, speakers improve and get even better. Today, a few year study and enhancement in technology makes it possible for speakers to reach a new era. A technology still developing has come out with electrostatic loudspeakers (ESLs) which are quite different from the current speakers. Mainly, because they do not use magnets. They use static electricity. But before we step forwards into this new era, lets understand the speakers we use today. These speakers are called electromagnetic speakers. They are built from a plastic cone (usually plastic) which is attached to a metal which is wrapped around with a wire. Around that a magnet is placed. When the music is not playing, the cone stays in place and no sound and is created. When the music is playing, it is converted into electricity and travels through the wire, hence charging it. Because, the charges constantly switch from positive to negative and vice versa, they are pushed back an d forth by the magnet. Because of the movement, sound waves are created. Electrostatic loudspeakers, take a step back from the rules of magnets, and use the most basic laws of physics. Electrostatic loudspeakers are made of three layers. They are made of a coated diaphragm, which is sandwiched by two stators. The diaphragm is one of the three key components of the speaker. It is an extremely thin film (1/10th of human hair) , whose weight is irrelevant. The diaphragm is the reason why ESL s...

Quest and Pursuit

Quest and Pursuit Quest and Pursuit Quest and Pursuit By Maeve Maddox A reader asks,    Whats the difference between Quest and Pursuit?   Under which situation their usage  should be preferred.  Please offer some examples.   Ã‚   On one level, the words are synonyms:    The congressman himself has been fascinatingly silent in pursuit of the nomination.    He had resigned his ambassadorship to return home  in quest of the nomination.    However, the words differ in connotation. In the first example given above, pursuit lacks emotional force. The use of quest in the second sentence implies that the nomination is something the ambassador strongly desires and that he is willing to endure great suffering in order to obtain it.    In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory and other authors used quest to refer to the noble undertaking of a knight. The knight’s quest might be the rescue of a maiden or the killing of a giant. In Arthurian romance, quest was often associated with the search for the ultimate prize, the Holy Grail. Because of the lingering association with the Grail of Jesus, quest retains a loftier connotation than pursuit.    The word quest can also refer to the particular type of narrative described by Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). Examples of the â€Å"quest story† are Gilgamesh, Beowulf, and Star Wars. Here’s Campbell’s definition: A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.    Pursuit, on the other hand, refers to the action of chasing something.    In early use (1387), the purpose of a pursuit was to overtake and capture, harm, or kill the thing being chased. Later, the word acquired the more general sense of simply following or chasing something, not necessarily with the intention to do it harm.    In colloquial speech, we all use quest in contexts that do not involve adventure or the good of our fellow man. Here are typically extravagant uses of quest in mundane contexts:    Yesterday, I went on a  quest  for a  pair of pants  that fit.      Growing the perfect  tomato  is a  quest for  many gardeners.    These theaters in Atlanta lend an epic element to any cinematic night out or quest for summer blockbuster viewing.    Epic is frequently found in the company of the already strong word quest:    Jon Stewart goes on epic quest with a red balloon to prove Dick Cheney wrong on Iran    One female veteran’s epic quest for a ‘foot that fits’    The Greenville Public Schools Board of Education is embarking on an epic quest to find a new superintendent.    I’m home from my first epic quest adventure.  [a restaurant tour]    Preposition use with quest and pursuit can be tricky. One goes â€Å"in quest of justice,† for example, but one is â€Å"on a quest for justice.† Police go â€Å"in pursuit of a criminal,† but they could find themselves â€Å"in pursuit for hours.† Pursuit conveys chasing, searching, or desiring. Quest implies courage, hardship, and altruism. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives30 Baseball Idioms12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Data Protection and Privacy Issues with Social Networking Sites within Dissertation

Data Protection and Privacy Issues with Social Networking Sites within the context of EU Data Protection Legislation - Dissertation Example In view of this contentious issue, this article will present a basic overview of the data protection (DP) legislation as framed by the European Commission, with regard to Social Networking Sites (SNS). It will also discuss some specific DP issues within SNS focusing on the roles and responsibilities of the various actors i.e. the SNS providers, users and regulators. The article will study and review certain sources of concern about user privacy in relation to the functionality/operations of SNS; while taking into account the conflicting needs of SNSs to profit from the personal data of their users, and their legal obligation to protect the privacy of their users, viewed within the context of EU Data Protection Legislation. It will also recommend suitable potential changes to the current EU DPP legislation necessary to fit in with modern and continuously evolving communication methods within the virtual world. 7 1.3Significance of the study 7 2Literature review 9 2.1Emergence of the S NSs and the nature of the information stored in them 9 2.2The concept of information privacy and the subsequent threat to privacy within the Internet (primarily the SNSs) 17 2.3Data protection in the context of EU Data Protection Legislation 24 3Analysis 32 4Methodology 41 5Conclusion 43 6Recommendations 44 Bibliography 46 Applause Store Prod. Ltd. vs. Raphael, [2008] EWHC 1781 (QB). 46 Boyd, D., and Ellison, N. 2007. Social network sites: De?nition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1):210–230. 47 Brown, I., Edwards, L., and Marsden, C. Staking 2.0: privacy protection in a leading social networking site, Retrieved from, 47 Burns, E., 2007. Marketing to Social Networking Sites, Targeted. ClikZ, retrieved from 48 Bygrave, L. 2001. Minding the machine: Article 15 of the EC Data Protection Directive and Automated Profiling. Computer Law & Security Report, No. 17, 17-24. 48 OfCom. August 2010. Consumers spend almost half of their waking hour s using media and communications. Retrieved from 53 Abstract Various observations have revealed that in the modern 21st century the various social networking sites (SNSs) on the Internet have become immensely popular, forming an important part in the life of many of the users. The SNSs form a platform where the users create various types of networks to forge social relationships. While forming relationships on such platforms, the users often share a good deal of personal information, ignoring or underestimating the potential risk from such information sharing. As for example, the uploaded personal information of a user may reach more people than actually intended. Often the anonymity and the lack of formal guidelines allow users to post information about other users without any prior permission. Often unawareness and a lack of experience, and furthermore the composition of the SNSs, work towards exacerbating the situation. Recently many of the well-known social networking sites have faced severe criticism for inadequate data protection and privacy accorded to its users. This paper aims to give an insight into the various privacy issues and risks related to the SNSs, in the context of EU Data Protection Legislation, while it also aims to study the matter in order to seek certain workable solutions as regards this problem. Data Protection and Privacy Issues with Social Networking

A Concise History of Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Concise History of Latin America - Essay Example The term Latin America was first used during the 19th century as a way of reaching a compromise. The Latin America region consisted of all the countries that were colonized by the Spanish administrators and authorities; the only exception of these large parts is Brazil because it was colonized by Portugal. The term came into force when almost all the regions that lie south of North America started using Spanish or Portuguese as their official languages. The settlement of Spanish administrators was preceded by the voyages of Columbus who discovered the new land as part exploration and conquest. His made the Spanish monarch at the time to struggle in an effort to seize its newfound opportunities. By 1500, the Spanish had explored the entire region that spans the Caribbean shore. After the 14th century, the speed of the Spanish conquest, expansion and consolidation was fast considering the vastness of the region. By the year 1516 all, the islands of the Caribbean were under Spanish admi nistration, therefore, acting as the launchpad for further expansion in the region (Rosenthal 78). Fast-forwarding to the 19th century, Latin American democracies, flourished, economies grew, and republics were established. This paper focuses on the political, social and economic transformations that were characterized in Latin America during the 19th century. The paper seeks to highlight the formation of republics that ended the imperial rule of monarchies across the region (Holloway 89).The early years of the 19th century witnessed a period of radical transformations on the Spanish dominated territory of Latin America. Latin America was characterized by monarchies that collapsed as republics started being formed. The regimes that were in power became disregarded or dismembered as colonial Latin America split into numerous parts. This split was followed by revolutions that established new politics and [political territories.

Oil Platforms Case Study

Oil Platforms Case Study The Oil Platforms Case The Rule of Force in International Law I. Introduction This paper relates to the Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States) of the International Court of Justice and its decision on the same delivered on November 6th, 2003. The dispute is related to a series of events that occurred during the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988. During the war, due to attacks on merchant shipping vessels in the Persian Gulf, the US and other states engaged in â€Å"counter-attack† by targeting two Iranian oil platforms and severely damaging them in separate incidents. The US argued that it was only responding to a perceived threat and the attacks were only in the interest of security in the region. Tehran, not buying this theory of self-defence put forth by the US, cited several violations of bi-lateral International treaties crying foul over such use force. The prohibition of the usage of force by states in engrafted in customary international law as well as in Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter. But both fall short of containing force that is used in the States exercise of the right of self-defence. The ICJ in this particular case had to assert whether the force used by the US was really pre-emptive in nature; if it was, was it proportionate. The court whilst delivering its judgment developed an interesting new theory on such use of force by a state, a theory which has only been received critically. This paper shall seek to explore this particular theory in light of the aforementioned case. It must also be noted that this being a recent judgment holds immense practical significance with regard to the US operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and the troubled Baluchistan and NWFP provinces of Pakistan. To facilitate easy study, this paper has been divided into three parts; the first shall be an appraisal of the facts of the case itself, the second shall be a study of Article 2(4) and the final part will be a review judgment. II. The Facts of the Case and its Backdrop The case arose out of certain incidents during the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1988. The case before the international Court of Justice revolved around the legality of the use of force with relation to two specific attacks against Iranian interests by US forces during the course of the war. The first instance was on October 19th, 1987. The US navy launched armed attacks against Irans Reshadat and Resalat oil complexes, both located in the Persian Gulf. This resulted in the complete annihilation of one of the oil platforms, whereas the other was severely damaged. As justification, the US claimed it was acting in ‘self-defence and the attack was in response to a missile strike three days prior on the Sea Isle City, a Kuwaiti tanker rebadged as a US flag-carrier in order to better ensure its safety. The second attack occurred a year later on April 18th, 1988 when US naval strikes severely damaged the Iranian Nasr and Salman complexes, nearly destroying the former. This time the US resorted to its prior justification of â€Å"acting in self-defence† again by stating that the attacks were in response to an American frigate, the USS Samuel B. Roberts, having been struck by a mine whilst sailing in international waters near Bahrain. On both instances the US notified the United Nations Security Council of its course of action in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter. The Iranian Government in its Application to the court based its claims on the 1955Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the US and Iran (the Treaty), not sparing basic principles of international law. The Courts (the International Court of Justice) jurisdiction was founded on Article XXI (2) of the Treaty. Article I of the Treaty provided that â€Å"there shall be firm and enduring peace and sincere friendship between the United States of America and Iran†. Article X(1) of the Treaty provided that there should be freedom of commerce and navigation between the parties territories: â€Å"Between the territories of the two High Contracting Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation.† Based on Articles I and X(1) of the Treaty of Amity, Iran accused the United States of having breached the Treaty by attacking and destroying the oil platforms. It also submitted that United States â€Å"patently hostile and threatening attitude towards the Islamic Republic of Iran† was a breach of the very purpose and object of the Treaty of amity including Articles I and X(1), and principles of international law, and that the US was under an obligation to make reparations to Iran for the violation of such legal obligations. The US denied any breach of obligation with Iran under Article X(1) and replied that the attacks were necessary to protect its national security. This, according to the US, was covered by Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty and read: â€Å"The present Treaty shall not preclude the application of measures: (d) necessary to fulfill the obligations of a High Contracting Party for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security, or necessary to protect its essential security interests.† Also, the US, in another counter-claim pleaded unsuccessfully, claimed that Iran had violated Article X of the Treaty by attacking its vessels and laying mines in the Persian Gulf and â€Å"engaging in activities from 1987 to 1988 that were dangerous and detrimental to maritime commerce and navigation†. The US claims of military attack on merchant vessels and warships were not completely unfounded. During the from 1984 to 1988, known as the Tanker War, numerous vessels were attacked in the Persian Gulf and such attacks were perceived to be purported by the Iranian military by means of aerial attacks and the use of mines. The Llyods Maritime Information Service list noted more 546 incidents, 200 of which were directly attributed to Iran. Iran, however, directed such accusations to Iraq and claimed responsibility for none. It must be noted here that the Treaty of Amity was signed between the US and Iran back in 1955. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran and the installation of the Khomeini as the head-of-state in all practical aspects, relations between the two states soured and was particularly before the start of the Iran-Iraq war. During the revolution, the US expressed its dissatisfaction with affairs in Iran by severing all diplomatic ties with the Islamic state. The American embassy at Tehran was seiged by supporters of the Khomeini and Americans were taken hostage for a considerable period of time. Irans previous democratically regime headed by the Shah had been seen by the US as an ally; this did not go down too well with its new Government which accused the US of â€Å"over-involvement† with its internal affairs during the past regime. Further, the new government of Iran saw the inability of the Security Council to prevent and contain Iraqs invasion of Iran in September, 1980 as the result of an anti-Iran bias in the Council and even in the UN as a whole. Under such circumstances, the Iranian regime saw the increasing presence of American forces in the Persian Gulf as a perceived threat to its interests resulting in the attacks. Ergo, this conflict was not completely unpredictable; nor was it unavoidable as it had been on the offing for a while. In this respect, the Security Council had failed to check the rising tension between the two states. As a body whose primary task is maintaining world peace and stability it had failed to contain such a conflict which could have been resolved had it played a more active role in mediation between the states. III. Article 2(4) The Blind-spot Article 2(4) of the UN Charter reads: This provision of the Charter however, finds itself lacking and is ill-equipped to handle a rather important aspect international armed conflict. Its blind-spot it has no provisions for prohibition of military threats or the threat of use of force. The ambit of article 2(4) is limited to actual use of military force and â€Å"threats† to impose economic or political sanctions are beyond it. According to the general scheme of the UN charter, a violation of Ar. 2(4) may be justified only on two grounds recourse to self defence and authorisation by the UNSC. This brings us to the moot question Are states free to reciprocate to threats when no armed attack has actually occurred? This question has been left unanswered and its outcome the many wars fought even after the UN Charter was adopted. Two perfect examples of such a situation arose in Europe in August, 1914, the beginning of the First World War and again during the Second World War. The question before a nation is whether to ignore the military threat or to issue a counter-threat. In such a situation when one party is advantaged by overwhelming military threat, the threat involved will become lopsided and there will not be any real escalation or build-up of bilateral tension. Any country will always place self-defence on a higher footing as compared to a policy of self-restraint considering the demands of national security. The prohibition on the use of force is found both in customary international law and, as stated above, in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. According to the UN Charter a state is not allowed to use force as a response to any intervention that falls short of an armed attack. The criterions established for the exercise of such retaliatory force include requirements that the force used must be necessary to repel the armed attack; it must be absolutely unavoidable and the force used must be proportionate. The Nicaragua decision [Case Concerning Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA)] echoed this principle. Article 51 carrying forward from Article 2(4) too recognizes states right to act in individual and collective self-defence if an armed attack is suffered by any member-state of the UN. Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, force may also be used to preserve or restore international peace and security in accordance with decisions of the UN Security Council. In the Nicaragua case, the Court rejected US arguments that US support for military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua could be justified on a basis of collective self-defence. These activities included certain activity of the contras in Nicaragua, including specified attacks, secret mine-laying, and a trade embargo imposed by the US against Nicaragua. The Court found the United States was in breach inter-alia of its obligations under customary international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State, not to violate the sovereignty of another State, not to interrupt peaceful maritime commerce and not to use force against another State. The US had also violated bilateral obligations to Nicaragua under a 1956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of Nicaragua. In the Nicaragua case the US chose not to appear before the Court during proceedings on the merits of the case. The Courts jurisdiction was founded on the United States 1946 declaration of acceptance of the Courts jurisdiction under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the Court, as well as on the bilateral 1956 Treaty. IV. The Judgement The approach taken by the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms case was controversial. In respect of Irans claim, the Court decided to address the question of whether the US attacks on Iranian oil platforms fell within Article XX(1)(d), before moving on to considerwhether there had been a breach of Article X(1) as requestedby Iran. In examining the application of Article XX(1)(d) the Courtdecided to focus on whether US recourse to force had been consistentwith international law on self-defence. The Court reasoned that evena provision protecting national security interests could not have beenintended to sanction the use of force inconsistently with relevant internationallaw. The Court proceeded to find that the US had exceededthe boundaries of international law on the use of force, and this disposedof the US claim that it was protected by Article XX(1)(d). In this way, the case centred on the illegality of the usage of force by the US. Recalling the discussion Article 2(4), the Court found that the US had failed to produce enough evidence to prove an Iranian â€Å"armed attack† in the case of the Sea Isle City and the Samuel B. Roberts. The evidence furnished by the US was so inconclusive that the Court did not discount the possibility of the attacks being carried out by Iraq. The Court noted that the Sea Isle City, at the time of the attack, was in Kuwaiti waters and the missile was launched on to it from a distance of over a hundred kilometres. The target of the missile, considering the great distance, could not have been pre-determined and it could have been intended to strike just about any target in Kuwaiti waters. With regard to the impugned mine-laying activities of Iran, the Court was again discontent with the evidence provided. There was no conclusive evidence to prove that the mine struck by the USS Samuel B. Roberts was indeed an Iranian one. The region at that time was in a state of turmoil. Both parties were engaged in mining the conflict zone and merely because the impugned mines bore numbers matching an Iranian series, Iran can not be held guilty. Whilst leaving room for speculation with the issue of the origin of the mines, the Court felt that even if they had actually been of Iranian origin, the US attacks on the Salman and Nasr complexes were unjustified. Recalling the Nicaragua decision, the Court opined that the Iranian attacks, if at all they were Iranian, did not qualify as â€Å"the ‘most grave form of the use of force† and the US can not claim the defence of â€Å"inherent right of self-defence†. The US contended that the oil platforms were being used as military bases by Iran and were being used for the collection and reporting of intelligence on passing vessels. In this regard too, the Court found the American evidence lacking. Even if the accusations against Iran had been true, the Court opined that the attacks made on the platforms could not have been justified as acts of self-defence. The criteria for claiming the defence of ‘self-defence had been established by the Court while acting in its advisory role in the case of Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons; they were â€Å"necessity† and â€Å"proportionality†. The US had failed to make out a sufficient cause on both grounds. The Court noted that the attacks on the platforms were not ‘necessary as a response to the attacks on the American vessels and the US admitted to have attacked them as a â€Å"target of opportunity† and not as pre-determined military targets. While the US attack on the Reshadat and Resalat complexes might have been considered proportionate if it had been found to be necessary, the Court made clear its view that the US attack on the Salman and Nasr platforms could not be regarded as meeting the criterion of proportionality. Although the Samuel B. Roberts had been severely damaged it had not been sunk and there had been no loss of life. The Court concluded that as the US attacks on the Iranian oil platform were not consistent with these requirements of international law on self-defence they could not be found to fall within the protection of Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty of Amity. Only at this point did the US get some reprieve when the Court turned to the Iranian accusation of the US having breached Article X(1) of the Treaty of Amity by interfering with the freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties. The Court found that Iran had failed to establish that the US had breached Article X(1) on the occasion of either of the attacks at issue. In respect of the first US attack, on the Reshadat and Resalat platforms, the Court reached this conclusion primarily on the basis that these platforms had been put out of commission by earlier Iraqi attacks and were not producing oil at the time. Therefore there was no interference with commerce in oil. In respect of the second US attack, on the Salman and Nasr platforms, the Courts reasoning was that the US had already stopped all direct oil imports from Iran under an embargo imposed by Executive Order. Therefore, no interference with commerce in oil had resulted from this second attack. T he Court emphasised that Article X(1) applied only to protect freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties, and its protection did not extend to indirect commerce in oil that continued despite the embargo via the territories of third parties. Accordingly, neither of the US attacks on the Iranian Oil Platforms was found to have interfered with freedom of commerce in oil. The US counterclaim against Iran likewise failed because none of the affected vessels was engaged in commerce or navigation between the territories of the two parties. Summing the case, in its dispositif at the end of its judgment, the Court stated that, by fourteen votes to two, it: Finds the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 and 18 April 1988 cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America under Article XX, paragraph 1(d), of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the United States of America and Iran, as interpreted in the light of international law on the use of force; finds further that the Court cannot however uphold the submission of the Islamic Republic of Iran that those actions constitute a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article X, paragraph 1, of that Treaty, regarding freedom of commerce between the territories of the parties, and that, accordingly, the claim of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reparation also cannot be upheld. V. Comments The Oil Platforms case is of immense significance in present times in light of the growing military activities of the US in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, its detractors criticise the judgment by stating that it laid too little importance on the aspect of trade and commerce and the role it plays in armed conflict. This can not be ignored completely; after all, most battles are fought with a hidden economic interest for atleast one of the parties. The dissenting judges opined that the Court let pass an opportunity for more lengthy engagement with significant questions associated with the effects of armed conflict on trade and commercial activity. But, this cases primary focus was the use of force and in the opinion of the researcher it has done absolute justice in establishing its principle. The conditions of â€Å"necessity† and â€Å"proportionality† have not only been reinforced by the Court but also been developed to address the growing concerns of armed conflicts between states. As the future of Afghanistan and Iraq unfold before us and American interest in Irans affairs rises, the contribution of the judgment in the Oil Platforms case can not be ignored. It shall be the judge in assessing US activities in the region and will assist in developing the yard-stick of the usage of force. In a way future military activities of the US and other NATO allies will be moulded by it, ensuring a more secure world. Bibliography Harris D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law, Sweet Maxwell, London, 6th edition. Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN: Commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition. Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. General List No 90, I.C.J. Reports 2003 Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. See the Courts Order dated 12th December, 1996. Judgment of the Court, para 23. Counter-Memorial of the United States, Exhibit 9, referred to in the Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, para 11. See the Courts Judgment of 24 May 1980 in the Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran. Judgment of the Court, para 23ff; Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, para 5ff. Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN: Commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, p. 49. Supra n.2 Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. General List no.70, Judgment of the Court of 27th June, 1986. Ibid. Judgment of the Court, para 61. Ibid., para 72. Ibid., para 64. Judgment of the Court, para. 71. Judgment of the Court, para. 64. Judgment of the Court, para. 74. ICJ Reports 1996 (I), p. 245, para.41. Judgment of the Court, para. 76. Judgment of the Court, para. 77. Judgment of the Court, para. 92ff. Judgment of the Court, para. 94ff. Separate Opinion of Judge Higgins para 51.

England’s Architecture

The author creates a chronological presentation of what brought about England’s contribution to architectural theory. The author believed that England’s architecture started only in the beginnings of the eighteenth century since before that, architectures are mainly adaptation of Italian and other foreign works. English architecture is presented as something that moves towards practicality rather than aesthetics. The passage tries to undermine the connections that eighteenth century architects tried to establish and express in their works, between nature and architecture. Primarily, the author mentioned, that the home is seldom compared to natural things such as the human body. Although there has been a disagreement on the use of ornaments and decors, Gothic architecture was slowly rejected. It was replaced by emphasis on geometrical configurations that stress on harmony and proportion. Architects tried to re-establish the works of the past by reconstructing and understanding how history significantly affects the designs and taste that were popular during their time. While architects tried to compare themselves with others especially those before them, they also assert themselves by trying to change something and incorporate another idea creating their own style. The way that England develops their own architecture is a vivid and long process that tries to extend personal ideas to others work, and then analyze what works best. All in all, England’s architecture seems to fit roughly as simple and practical since emphasis is given to ‘naturalness and symmetry’. Towards the end of the passage, the author mentioned that architects turned to study other culture’s architecture such as Chinese and Gothic styles that both uses decorations and ornaments. In the end of eighteenth century focus on ‘convenience’ identifying space and practicality while incorporating necessary decorations to produce symmetry and regularity are the basic standards of England’s architecture.

Essay about Alexander The Great - 481 Words

Alexander The Great was one of the greatest emperors and leaders of the world. In fact, he was the only emperor to be called, quot;The Great.quot; He had studied under a great Greek Philosopher, Aristotle, who taught Alexander literature, science, medicine, philosophy and to speak and write well. Alexander was the son of Philip of Macedonia. Philip became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C., but died in 336 B.C. He left his kingdom to Alexander. Alexander ruled for only thirteen years but he succeeded far beyond what his father had planned. After his fathers death in 336 B.C., Alexander became king of Macedonia. He strengthened his claim of king by quickly stopping revolts by Athens, which tried to break away from Macedonia, by destroying†¦show more content†¦In 332 B.C., Alexander first conquered Tyre, Gaza and then Egypt in 327 B.C. In 331 B.C. Alexander defeated the main Persian army in Masopotamia. When the Persian king, Darius, was killed by his own soldiers, Alexander declared himself king of Persia Alexander was determined to conquer the whole world. In 327 B.C., Alexander led his armies into India. Soon after that, the Macedonians refused to go further and wanted to return to their homes and families because they had been fighting for six years. Reluctantly, Alexander agreed to turn back. He arrived in Babylon in 323 B.C. but shortly caught a fever and died. He was not yet 33 years old. Alexander the Great admired Athens and the Greek culture so he brought many Greek ideas to the non-Greek people of his empire. He spread Greek civilization throughout wester Asia, and opened the east to Greek trade. Alexander had a very open mind. He adopted ideas and customs from the people he had conquered. He married a Persian princess and Persians served in his army. Wherever he conquered lands, he made new cities. The most famous city he named Alexandria, in Egypt. Greek civilization, after Alexanders death, is called the Hellenistic age. Hellenistic means quot;Greek-speakingquot; or quot;acting like a Greek.quot; The Hellenistic world spread far beyond the Greek mainland and the Aegean Islands. After Alexanders death, theShow MoreRelatedAlexander The Great Of Alexander Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander became king of Macedonia after his the passing of his father, King Philip II. Within this essay, the information of Alexander will come from three different sources,and be compared to find the similarities in the history of Alexander amongst them. Alexand lived from 356 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E., dying at the age of thirty-two. The three sources used have many similarities and broaden the history of Alexander, as they include more into the timeline of his life. Referring to the textbook, theRead MoreAlexander The Great : The Characters Of Alexander The Great1222 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of his short-lived life in Pella, the capital of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was immensely affected by the traits of his mother, father, and tutor. Philip II, king of Macedonia and Alexander’s father, was a man of great strategic ability, and gave Alexander practice in military leadership. This experience and knowledge passed down from his father became useful during his conquest across Europe. Olympias, one of Philip II’s wives and Alexander’s mother, had incredibly strongRead MoreAlexander the Great 1370 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander was born around 356 B.C. His mother was of royal lineage, as was his father, Philip II. When Alexander was fourteen, he studied under the Athenian philosopher, Aristo tle. Perhaps no culture has ever produced a greater mind than Aristotle’s. So searching and profound was Aristotle’s work that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries A.D. much of the Christian church regarded his teachings as being divinely inspired. No subject was untouched by his contemplation. Philosophy, botany, geographyRead MoreAlexander the Great 1054 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander the Great once said, â€Å"There is nothing impossible to he who tries†. Alexander’s whole life seems to be based off this one quote. From the day he was only a young child till he transitioned into one of the greatest of men, which conquered and ruled the largest empire that ever existed in the world. He accomplished and influenced so much in the world that he is still not forgotten. From his achievements and his positive contributions to the world he is still remembered as a hero. AlexanderRead MoreAlexander The Great Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesKonark Raithatha Alexander the Great Acted as ruler of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. 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20 Ways to Spend a College New Years Eve

New Years Eve in college can be fun and exciting as well as challenging, as many students are away from campus and their usual college friends. Theres no need to let your college New Years Eve go to waste, however. Check out these ideas for keeping things fresh, fun, and funky. 20 Ways to Spend Your College New Years Eve Hang out at home with your high school/hometown friends. If youre spending the winter break home with your parents, head out with your friends. You can reminisce about years past and celebrate your enduring friendships.Head to Vegas. Because really, what happens in Vegas stays in Vegas. There are some great deals to be had and great parties to attend, not to mention the 24-hour gambling.Head to New York City. Never seen the official ball drop in Times Square? Grab some friends and head to NYC for an everyone-should-see-it-at-least-once experience.Go camping. If you need a break from the chaos of your everyday life, head out into the wilderness. You can ring in the new year beneath a blanket of stars.Plan a romantic dinner with your significant other. You can go out or cook something together at home. Add two candles and as a bonus, have someone to smooch as the new year arrives.Head to a fun club with a crazy band youve never heard of. Step outside of your comfort zone, grab some fri ends and do something funky.Do something back at school. The residence halls may be closed, but many students are still living in their Greek houses or in off-campus apartments. Plan something away from campus that still allows you to celebrate with your college friends.Line up and camp out for a football game. Head to a bowl game where you can camp out the night before with other fans. When else will you be able to do so, except for during your college years?Volunteer. Look for something in your community. Go on an outdoor trip and work on trail maintenance. Head to another country. There are plenty of volunteering options that will take you into the year with good will.Head out somewhere fun with your high school and your college friends. Why not blend the best of both worlds?Go somewhere swanky. Think much, much fancier than youre used to. Head somewhere swanky and opt for an evening of elegance.Host a costume or theme party. And do so with style, too. How about the 1920s, anyone ?Rent a cabin in the woods. It can be with your high school friends, your college friends, your significant other or everyone.Hang out at a ski resort. If you ski, you can hit the slopes. And if you dont, you can curl up with hot chocolate and enjoy the scenery. Whats not to like?Go backpacking or hiking. Head out for a midnight hike (with at least one other person, of course) to ring in the new year in a unique and exhilarating way.Go on a skydiving or bungee-jumping trip. Some places offer multi-day excursions. Make your new year one to remember!Spend time with your family. The longer youre away at school, the less time you have to spend with your family. Take a break from the college scene and enjoy the evening with your family instead.Spend the evening writing or journaling. Some folks reflect and process things best when they write things out. Take the night to yourself and write to your hearts content.Host a creative New Years Eve party. Set up supplies (or have your guests br ing their own) and create an atmosphere of creative energy for people to paint, sculpt, write music, or create other works of art.Spend a quiet night in and get some sleep! Catch up on two of the most sacred resources for many college students: time and sleep. Celebrate your year by indulging in both.